Sodium Malate
Summary
What it is
Common uses
Public Perception
Anxiety level
Cultural claims
Source sentiment
History
Timeline
Origin
Science
Key findings
Studies
Safety status
Nuance
Alternatives
Swaps
Avoidance tips
References

Fact-checked by Lucent 3 months ago

Sodium Malate

ingredientPreservatives

Total Sources: 52

Verified Claims: 37

Scientific Sources: 19

Summary

Sodium malate is a food additive used as an acidity regulator and humectant [26]. It is the sodium salt of malic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid naturally found in fruits and vegetables [3], [9], [19], [22].

What it is

Sodium malate is a chemical compound with the formula C4H4Na2O5 [23]. It is created through the neutralization of malic acid with a sodium base [24], [25].

Common uses

  • Acidity regulator in food and beverages [2], [26]

  • Skin-conditioning agent in cosmetics [19]

  • Humectant to keep foods moist [26], [39]

  • Flavor enhancer [3]

Public Perception

Anxiety level

Low. Sodium malate is generally recognized as safe for its intended uses, with regulatory bodies like EFSA re-evaluating its safety periodically [1], [2], [8]. It is used in a variety of food products [26], [52].

Cultural claims

  • Some Muslims may need to determine if the ingredients used to produce sodium malate are halal [41], [42], [43].

Source sentiment

Generally neutral, with discussions focusing on its functional uses and safety assessments [1], [2], [19]. Some anecdotal discussion exists regarding its use as a magnesium supplement, and potential gastrointestinal side effects [20], [21].

History

Timeline

1823

Chevreul publishes 'Recherches sur les corps gras,' possibly related to early research on fatty acids and salts [13].

1863

A.C. Oudemann publishes research in 'Journ. prakt. Chem' related to the study of chemical compounds [13].

1894

F. Krafft and A. Stern publish in 'Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges.' contributing to the understanding of chemical substances [13].

1930

Th. Malkin publishes research on acidic potassium and sodium salts of normal fatty acids [13].

1978

A method for preparing monopotassium L-malate and its monohydrate is patented [25].

1994

A process for making malate salts and related compounds is patented [24].

2016

Health Canada proposes to enable the use of sodium hydrogen malate as a coating for flavoring preparations [15].

2024

EFSA calls for data for the re-evaluation of malic acid and malates as food additives [1], [8].

Science

Key findings

  • Malic acid and its salts are rapidly metabolized in the body [2].

  • Malic acid and its salts can act as irritants to the skin and mucosa [2], [19].

  • Sodium malate functions as a humectant and acidity regulator [26], [39].

Studies

EFSA FEEDAP Panel (2014): Safety and efficacy of malic acid and sodium and calcium malate as technological additives for all animal species

Malic acid and its sodium and calcium salts are considered strongly irritant to the skin and mucosa and as a particular risk to the eyes. The use of malic acid and its sodium and calcium salts in animal nutrition is safe for the consumer [2].

COT Statement on Adverse Reactions to Acid Sweets

Acid sweets containing malic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid may cause adverse reactions in children [3].

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Malic Acid and Sodium Malate

Malic Acid and Sodium Malate would be safe at the low concentrations at which these ingredients would be used to adjust pH. Data were insufficient to determine the safety of these ingredients when used in cosmetics as other than pH adjusters [19].

Safety status

Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food additive for specific uses [7], [14].

Nuance

While sodium malate is generally safe, its use in certain products like acid sweets warrants caution due to potential irritation [3]. Individuals with kidney disease, liver disease, or diabetes should consult a healthcare professional before using salt substitutes containing potassium [16], [32], [33], [51].

Alternatives

Potassium Chloride

A salt substitute that can help lower blood pressure, but may have a bitter or metallic taste [16], [32], [33].

Where to find: Grocery stores [Source 32, 33]

Vinegar

Adds tang and brightness to foods and may help lower blood pressure [32], [33].

Citrus Fruits

Adds flavor and contains plant-based chemicals that may help ease blood pressure [32], [33].

Herbs and Spices

Adds flavor without adding sodium [18], [32], [33].

Avoidance tips

  • Cook more meals at home to control sodium content [18].

  • Check nutrition labels for sodium content [18].

  • Choose fresh ingredients over processed ones [18].

References

1.

https://efsa.europa.eu/en/call/call-data-re-evaluation-malic-acid-and-malates-e-296-e-350-352-food-additives