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Scientific Sources: 23
Einsteinium is a man-made, radioactive element with atomic number 99 and the symbol Es [1]. It is a member of the actinide series and was first discovered in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion [1], [16]. Due to its radioactivity and scarcity, einsteinium has very limited practical applications and is primarily used for scientific research [5], [43], [44].
Einsteinium is first identified by Albert Ghiorso and his team at the University of California, Berkeley, in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test at Enewetak Atoll [1], [16], [25].
The discovery of einsteinium and fermium is declassified and announced to the world [16].
Mendelevium is synthesized by irradiating a target of einsteinium-253 with alpha particles [43], [44].
Einsteinium-254 is used as a target in an attempt to synthesize ununennium (element 119) [43].
A coordination complex of einsteinium is characterized using less than 200 nanograms of 254Es, enabling structural and spectroscopic studies [14].
Einsteinium is a radioactive actinide element with atomic number 99 [1].
It was first discovered in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion [1], [16].
Its isotopes range in mass number from 240 to 258 [1].
Einsteinium's valence can be +2 or +3 [1].
It has been used in the synthesis of heavier transuranic elements [43], [44].
Less than 200 nanograms of 254Es were used to characterize a coordination complex of einsteinium [14].
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of an einsteinium complex
Coordination complex of einsteinium characterized using less than 200 nanograms of 254Es, revealing an unusual hypsochromic shift in metal emission [14].
New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100
Einsteinium and Fermium were discovered from the debris of a thermonuclear test [26].
Americium-241
For use in smoke detectors, americium-241 serves as a more readily available and less hazardous alternative in ionization smoke detectors [43].
Radiopharmaceuticals
In medical applications, other radiopharmaceuticals with longer half-lives and better-understood properties are preferred for diagnosis and treatment [23].