Cheese
Summary
What it is
Common uses
Public Perception
Anxiety level
Cultural claims
Source sentiment
History
Timeline
Origin
Science
Key findings
Studies
Safety status
Nuance
Alternatives
Swaps
Avoidance tips
References

Fact-checked by Lucent 3 months ago

Cheese

ingredientAnimal Products

Total Sources: 50

Verified Claims: 39

Scientific Sources: 21

Summary

Cheese is a dairy product made from milk, widely consumed for its flavor and nutritional content [5], [6]. It is produced by coagulating milk protein, separating it from the whey, and allowing it to ripen [27], [28].

What it is

A solid food made from milk, where the milk proteins are coagulated, and the liquid whey is separated. It comes in a wide variety of flavors, textures and forms [27].

Common uses

  • Direct consumption as a snack or part of a meal

  • Ingredient in various dishes, including pizzas, sandwiches, salads, and baked goods [21]

Public Perception

Anxiety level

Moderate, driven by health and ethical considerations.

Cultural claims

  • Cheese has been a significant component of the human diet for approximately 8000 years [5].

  • Cheese is viewed as an object of art, a piece of human history, and an heirloom passed down from antiquity [27].

  • In Corsica, casu marzu cheese is considered a symbol of the island’s culture and culinary tradition [32].

Source sentiment

Generally positive, with some anxiety related to health concerns like saturated fat, lactose intolerance, and food safety [6], [47], [48]. There are also concerns about cheese products being over-processed [25].

History

Timeline

-6000

Cheese production dates back to Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) [27], [28].

-3000

First pictorial evidence of cheesemaking found in Mesopotamia [28].

-800

Homer references cheese making in The Odyssey [28], [29].

1

Romans develop cheese presses and discover ripening techniques [27].

1500

Cheddar cheese is first recorded [28].

1597

Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese is first recorded [28].

1697

Gouda cheese is first recorded [28].

1791

Camembert cheese is first recorded [28].

Origin

A method of preserving milk for later consumption [27], [28].

First appeared: -6000

Science

Key findings

  • Dairy consumption, including cheese, is associated with a reduced risk of several non-communicable diseases [5].

  • Cheese intake may have protective effects against cardiovascular disease and stroke [6], [14].

  • Cheese can be a good source of protein, calcium, and other essential nutrients [5], [6], [26].

  • Some cheeses may contain contaminants like aflatoxin M1 [12].

  • High-pressure processing (HPP) can be used to improve the safety of cheese by reducing vegetative microorganisms [4].

Studies

Association between dairy intake and multiple health outcomes: a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Consuming dairy is not associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases or mortality and may moderately reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and certain cancers [5].

A global analysis of dairy consumption and incident cardiovascular disease

Dairy consumption, particularly cheese, may have protective effects against CVD and stroke [6].

Effect of Cheese Intake on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Biomarkers

Cheese intake causally reduced the risks of type 2 diabetes, heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and ischemic stroke [14].

A national systematic literature review for aflatoxin M1 in commonly consumed cheese brands in Iran: Human health risk assessment by Monte Carlo simulation

Cheese may contain contaminants such as aflatoxin M1 [12].

The efficacy and safety of high-pressure processing of food

High-pressure processing (HPP) of food will not present any additional microbial or chemical food safety concerns when compared to other routinely applied treatments [4].

Safety status

Generally safe when consumed in moderation, with consideration for individual intolerances and potential contamination risks [1], [5], [47].

Nuance

The impact of cheese on health varies depending on the type of cheese, quantity consumed, and individual health factors. Some studies suggest melted cheese may have a different impact on lipid metabolism compared to unmelted cheese [13]. Some cheeses have low levels of lactose and can be tolerated by people who are lactose intolerant [39].

Alternatives

Vegan Cheese

For individuals avoiding dairy due to allergies, intolerances, or dietary preferences [43].

Where to find: Specialty grocery stores, health food stores, and some major supermarkets [21, 37].

Nutritional Yeast

To impart a cheesy flavor in vegan dishes [35].

Where to find: Health food stores, some major supermarkets, and online retailers.

Tofu-based cheese

Offers a creamy texture and can be flavored to mimic various cheeses [36].

Avoidance tips

  • Read food labels carefully to identify hidden sources of dairy [21], [42].

  • Be cautious when eating out and inquire about ingredients used in dishes [42].

  • Consider enzyme supplements to aid lactose digestion [39].

References

1.

https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060760