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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a phthalate ester primarily used as a plasticizer to enhance the flexibility, durability, and transparency of plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [1], [28]. However, concerns regarding its potential health risks have led to restrictions in its use in many products [3], [28].
DEHP patented and first used as vacuum pump oil [29].
IARC Working Group evaluates DEHP [12].
IARC re-evaluates DEHP [12].
IARC re-evaluates DEHP [12].
FDA issues guidance to limit the use of certain phthalates, including DEHP, in CDER-regulated products [14].
European Commission allows companies to use recycled plastics containing DEHP, sparking controversy [20].
Consumer Product Safety Commission bans the use of eight phthalates in toys and children's products [39].
EFSA updates risk assessment of DEHP for use in food contact materials [2].
EU Regulation No. 2021/2045 extends the scope of DEHP uses prohibited by REACH Annex XIV [30].
European Commission postpones the ban on DEHP in medical devices to July 1, 2030 [30].
EPA releases draft technical support documents for the risk evaluation for DEHP [15].
DEHP exposure is linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity in laboratory animals [2], [3], [63].
DEHP may act as an endocrine disruptor, interfering with hormone function [6], [19], [20].
Prenatal exposure to phthalates, including DEHP, is associated with pregnancy complications and neurodevelopmental disorders [6], [21].
DEHP has been found to leach from medical supplies, leading to potential patient exposure [4].
Long-term exposure to DEHP may disrupt neural homeostasis and affect emotional and cognitive functions [10].
Leaching of Phthalates from Medical Supplies and Their Implications for Exposure
DEHP was the major phthalate found in 99% of analyzed medical product samples, with the highest amount leached from respiratory support devices. The highest DEHP exposure dose was determined from the use of cannula for neonates [4].
A systematic review on the adverse health effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Exposure to DEHP mainly targeted the reproductive, neurodevelopment, and respiratory systems in experimental studies. Human studies reported carcinogenic effects [5].
Effect of prenatal phthalate exposure on fetal development
Prenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with pregnancy complications and fetal neurodevelopmental disorders. DEHP and its metabolites are the main compounds associated with these issues [6].
Long-term exposure changes the environmentally relevant bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate to be a neuro-hazardous substance disrupting neural homeostasis in emotional and cognitive functions
Long-term DEHP ingestion induced depressive behaviors and reduced learning and memory function in mice, along with increased biomarkers related to chronic stress [10].
Update of the risk assessment of di‐butylphthalate (DBP), butyl‐benzyl‐phthalate (BBP), bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di‐isononylphthalate (DINP) and di‐isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials
Based on a plausible common mechanism (i.e. reduction in fetal testosterone) underlying the reproductive effects of DEHP, DBP and BBP, the Panel considered it appropriate to establish a group‐TDI for these phthalates, taking DEHP as index compound as a basis for introducing relative potency factors [2].
DINP (Diisononyl Phthalate) and DIDP (Diisodecyl Phthalate)
These high molecular weight phthalates are sometimes used as alternatives to DEHP, though they also have potential health concerns [2], [6].
Non-phthalate plasticizers
Alternatives like citrate esters, adipates, and bio-based plasticizers can replace phthalates in various applications, offering potentially safer options [28], [30].
Choose fresh, minimally processed foods to reduce exposure from packaging [34].
Avoid heating food in plastic containers, especially in the microwave [19], [34].
Opt for glass or stainless steel food storage containers [34].
Select personal care products labeled as "phthalate-free" [21], [33].
Limit consumption of fast foods, which may have higher phthalate levels [34].
Be cautious of products made from PVC, especially flexible items like vinyl flooring and shower curtains [4], [33].