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Verified Claims: 33
Scientific Sources: 19
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces proteins toxic to certain insects and is used as a bioinsecticide in agriculture and pest control [12], [3], [22]. It is also incorporated into genetically modified crops [12], [20].
Ernst Berliner isolated Bacillus thuringiensis from a Mediterranean flour moth [14].
Farmers began using Bt as a pesticide [14].
France started producing commercial spore-based formulations called Sporine [14].
Researchers discovered that the parasporal crystal is responsible for insecticidal activity [14].
Commercial use of Bt began in the US [14].
Bt was registered as a pesticide with the EPA [14].
The first genetically engineered Bt corn was registered with the EPA [14].
Bt Cry proteins used in genetically modified crops do not negatively affect the survival of honey bee larvae or adults in laboratory settings [5].
Bt maize does not have significant effects on non-target arthropod taxa in the field in southern Europe [6].
Bt toxins can alter bacterial communities and their potential functions in earthworm intestines, but these effects may not be persistent [13].
An overview of the safety and biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins in mammals
While 'toxic' is not appropriate for defining the effects these toxins have on mammals, they cannot be considered innocuous, as they have some physiological effects that may become pathological [3].
A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on Honey Bees
Bt Cry proteins used in genetically modified crops commercialized for control of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests do not negatively affect the survival of either honey bee larvae or adults in laboratory settings [5].
Bt toxins alter bacterial communities and their potential functions in earthworm intestines
Earthworm intestinal microbial communities confer strong resilience and the ability to adapt to Bt toxin stress, with no persistent adverse effects observed after earthworm exposure to Bt toxins [13].
Generally regarded as safe for mammals, but some studies suggest potential physiological effects [3].
The specificity of Cry toxins depends on factors such as pH, digestive enzymes in the host insect gut, and the presence of specific host receptors [25].
Other natural insect repellents
To avoid potential exposure to Bt toxins, consider using alternative natural insect repellents [27].
Where to find: MedicalNewsToday.com lists several natural insect repellents [27].
Organic produce
To minimize pesticide exposure, choose certified organic produce [31], [37].
Where to find: Organic produce can be found at most grocery stores and farmers' markets [37].